Investigation of offenses related to combating illicit drug trafficking: Criminal, forensic and administrative-legal aspects

Received: 28-Nov-2025, Manuscript No. JDAR-25-176665; Editor assigned: 01-Dec-2025, Pre QC No. JDAR-25-176665 (PQ); Reviewed: 15-Dec-2025, QC No. JDAR-25-176665; Revised: 22-Dec-2025, Manuscript No. JDAR-25-176665 (R); Published: 29-Dec-2025, DOI: 10.4303/JDAR/236470

Introduction

The problem of illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors remains one of the most acute in the modern world and directly affects the state of national security, law and order and public health. Drug crime has a complex multi-level nature, combining the criminal activities of organized groups, the economic interests of the shadow market, international supply channels, as well as negative social consequences associated with the growth of addiction among the population and the spread of related criminal offenses. The digitalization of society has contributed to the emergence of new forms of illicit trafficking, in particular drug trafficking through Internet platforms, anonymous messengers and cryptocurrency transactions, which significantly complicates the detection, cessation and proof of such acts. In Ukraine, countering illicit drug trafficking is one of the key priorities of state policy in the field of ensuring public security and combating organized crime. Despite the presence of a developed regulatory framework, a comprehensive system of law enforcement agencies and instruments of international cooperation, the level of drug crime remains consistently high. A significant segment of the illegal market is formed by synthetic drugs and their analogues, the production of which is often carried out in clandestine laboratories that function as autonomous structural units of organized groups. At the same time, a widespread phenomenon is the “street” distribution schemes using the so-called “bookmarks”, coordinated through digital communications, which creates additional difficulties in proving intent, the participation of specific individuals and establishing the entire structure of criminal activity.

Modern challenges in the field of combating illicit drug trafficking require a comprehensive approach to the analysis of criminal law norms, forensic methods of documenting offenses and administrative and legal measures of control and prevention. Investigative and operational-search activities must take into account the digital nature of many crimes, the transnational nature of individual distribution channels, as well as the high secrecy of the actions of offenders. The role of judicial practice is important, which gradually forms the standards of evidence in cases of illicit drug trafficking, in particular in terms of the use of digital evidence, recording the results of controlled purchases, admissibility of operational materials, etc.

At the same time, administrative and legal instruments aimed at reducing the availability of narcotic drugs and precursors, strengthening control over their legal circulation, licensing and compliance with pharmaceutical rules, play a significant preventive role. An effective system of administrative supervision significantly reduces the possibility of leakage of narcotic substances into the illegal sector, forms the basis for further criminal and legal response and ensures a balance between the rights of citizens and security interests.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the need for a scientific rethinking of modern trends in drug crime, determining the optimal criminal and administrative legal mechanisms for countering it, as well as improving forensic techniques and methods for documenting such offenses. It is also important to integrate international experience into the national system for combating illicit drug trafficking, including UN standards, European Union recommendations, Interpol practice and regional information exchange networks.

Thus, the study of criminal, forensic and administrative-legal aspects of combating illicit drug trafficking has not only theoretical but also significant practical significance. Understanding the specifics of committing offenses, effective investigation mechanisms and legal response tools will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies, the formation of modern standards of proving guilt, as well as improving the system of legal regulation in this area.

Methods

The methodological basis of the study is a combination of general scientific, special legal and forensic methods, which provided a comprehensive and complex study of offenses related to the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs. The methodology is based on the principles of systematicity, objectivity, interdisciplinarity and scientific validity, which made it possible to consider the problem of combating drug crime as a multi-level phenomenon, the structure of which combines criminal law, administrative law and forensic elements.

In the process of the study, a dialectical method was used, which allowed analyzing the illegal circulation of drugs in its dynamics, taking into account the transformation of the methods of committing offenses, the development of Internet technologies and changing socio-economic conditions. Analytical and synthetic methods provided the processing of scientific sources, regulatory legal acts and practical materials, which contributed to the generalization and systematization of criminal law and administrative approaches to the regulation of drug trafficking. Comparative historical analysis made it possible to trace the stages of the formation of national legislation in the field of combating illicit drug trafficking and to identify key areas of its modernization.

The formal legal method was used to study the content of criminal law and administrative law norms, to clarify the essence of individual legal categories and the structure of the elements of crimes and offenses. The comparative legal method made it possible to analyze the experience of foreign states and international organizations in combating illicit drug trafficking, to identify elements that can be adapted in the Ukrainian legal system. The method of legal modeling contributed to the development of scientifically substantiated proposals for improving criminal and administrative legislation, as well as mechanisms of prevention and responsibility.

Within the framework of the forensic approach, methods of analyzing typical methods of committing crimes, reconstructing events, and studying the mechanisms of formation and fixation of traces of criminal activity were applied. The use of empirical data obtained by studying the materials of criminal proceedings, court decisions, and operational reports made it possible to characterize the real practical problems that investigators face when documenting the facts of illicit drug trafficking, as well as to outline typical investigative situations. A significant place was occupied by the statistical method, which provided an analysis of modern trends in drug crime and administrative offenses in this area. The complexity of the methodology allowed integrating criminal and legal analysis with forensic approaches and administrative and legal mechanisms of control and prevention, which provided the opportunity to form a holistic view of the investigation of offenses related to illicit drug trafficking, and to develop substantiated recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of countering drug crime.

Results and Discussion

Criminal law principles of combating illicit drug trafficking

Criminal law regulation of countering the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors is a system-forming element of the national strategy for combating drug crime. Its content is determined by a set of norms of the criminal code of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as the criminal code of Ukraine), international standards and by-laws that establish legal mechanisms for criminalizing individual manifestations of illicit trafficking, principles of responsibility and criteria for qualifying acts [1,2].

Modern criminal law policy in this area is aimed at: Minimizing the circulation of high-risk substances that pose the greatest danger to society; balancing repressive and preventive measures, including humanizing responsibility for minor offenses related to the storage of small quantities of drugs without the purpose of sale [3]. Preventing organized crime, which controls a significant part of drug trafficking [4].

It is important to adhere to the principle of proportionality: Criminal sanctions must correspond to the degree of public danger of the acts, and the use of imprisonment should be a last resort [5].

Criminal law regulation is focused in chapter XIII of the criminal code of Ukraine “crimes in the sphere of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors and other crimes against public health”. The main elements of the crimes are: Illegal production, manufacture, acquisition, storage, transportation or transfer without the purpose of sale (Article 309 of the criminal code of Ukraine); illegal sale of narcotic drugs (Article 307 of the criminal code of Ukraine); cultivation of prohibited plants (Article 310 of the criminal code of Ukraine); organization or maintenance of drug dens (Article 317 of the criminal code of Ukraine); smuggling of narcotic drugs (Article 305 of the criminal code of Ukraine). The above system of norms is comprehensive in nature, as it covers all stages of illicit trafficking-from the cultivation of raw materials to the transnational movement of finished drugs.

In the context of the development of new synthetic drugs and the expansion of online sales platforms, there is a shift in the emphasis of criminal policy. In particular, there is an increase in responsibility for sales, the organization of criminal groups, the use of electronic services for the sale of narcotic substances [6], the issue of decriminalization of the storage of small doses of narcotic drugs for personal use is being addressed with the simultaneous introduction of administrative sanctions and addiction treatment programs [7], approaches are being implemented aimed at abandoning the “punitive model” for people suffering from drug addiction and reorienting them towards medical and social assistance [2].

Such trends are in line with the recommendations of the UN and the Council of Europe on the humanization of punitive practices in the field of drug policy.

Empirical data indicate that the greatest difficulties arise in the following aspects: Determining the purpose of sales, which cannot always be confirmed only by the amount of the substance seized [4,5], classification of new psychoactive substances, which are often not included in official lists, which complicates prosecution [6,7], the emergence of organized crime, in particular due to the decentralized nature of online marketplaces and cryptographic communication methods, the inconsistency of quantitative criteria (small, large, especially large sizes) with modern drug categories, which requires updating regulatory tables [3,8].

These problems necessitate constant modernization of legislation and adaptation of law enforcement practice to new technological and social conditions.

Ukraine’s international legal obligations define the general framework of criminal law regulation. The main documents are: The single convention on narcotic drugs of 1961, the convention on psychotropic substances of 1971 and the UN convention against illicit traffic in narcotic drugs of 1988 [9].

These documents contain requirements for the criminalization of illicit trafficking, control of precursors, international cooperation and extradition [1,10].

The influence of international norms is manifested in the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with European approaches, in particular regarding the introduction of control over new psychoactive substances, strengthening the fight against drug trafficking, and at the same time, humanizing responsibility for non-medical drug use [4,11].

Forensic aspects of the investigation of illicit drug trafficking

The forensic characteristic of illicit drug trafficking is a set of information about typical methods of committing such crimes, the identity of offenders, mechanisms for concealing criminal activity and the features of forming an evidentiary base. Its practical significance lies in creating methodological foundations for organizing and conducting an effective pre-trial investigation aimed at timely detection, documentation and cessation of drug crimes [12].

One of the key elements of the forensic characteristic is the method of committing a crime, which in the field of illicit drug trafficking has a high variability. Typical for modern conditions are:

• The use of Internet platforms, anonymous messengers and “darknet” resources for sales and coordination of activities.
• The use of “bookmark” systems that minimize contacts between the seller and the buyer.
• Production of synthetic drugs in clandestine laboratories using equipment that is easily modernized and disguised as household appliances.
• Use of cryptocurrency transactions for payments and evasion of financial control [13].

Typical traces of a crime are of significant importance for the investigation, including digital data (log files, correspondence in messengers, transaction history), material evidence (precursors, laboratory equipment, packaging materials), information about the movement of persons and vehicles, as well as traces of biological origin that can establish the involvement of suspects in the manufacture or sale of narcotic substances [14].

In the structure of forensic methodology, special attention is paid to the organization of the initial stage of the investigation, since it is at this stage that the main evidence is collected and key information is recorded. The following actions of the investigator and operational units are effective:

• Conducting urgent investigative (search) actions: Inspection of the scene, search, temporary access to things and documents, seizure of electronic media.
• Involvement of chemists, toxicologists, digital forensics specialists for professional selection, packaging and analysis of physical evidence.
• Documentation of operational materials, conducting controlled procurement in compliance with the requirements of the criminal procedure law regarding recording the actions of individuals and preserving the reliability of evidence [15].

Controlled procurement is one of the most effective tools for recording criminal activity, but it requires precise compliance with tactical and procedural requirements. These include: Clear video and audio recording, documenting the transfer of funds, preserving the integrity of the packaging of material objects, involving witnesses or alternative methods of ensuring the transparency of the action. Violation of these requirements may lead to the inadmissibility of evidence in court [16].

An important area of investigation work is establishing the structure and roles in a criminal group, since a significant part of drug crimes is committed by organized groups or criminal organizations. This necessitates a comprehensive analysis of contacts, financial flows, logistics of drug movement, the use of cryptographic protection programs and hidden communication channels.

Particular attention in the investigation methodology is paid to digital evidence, which is often of key importance in cases of illicit drug trafficking. These include: Chat history, automatic backup copies of mobile devices, geolocation data, information about cryptocurrency transfers, Internet connection protocol files. Collecting such evidence requires compliance with the rules of forensic copying, registration of protocols, preservation of information integrity and protection against modifications [17].

No less important is the use of special knowledge that provides the ability to identify types of narcotic substances, determine their mass, concentration, origin, and analysis of synthetic components. Chemical and toxicological examinations are mandatory components of evidence, and their results often determine the qualification of the act and the degree of responsibility [18].

Thus, the forensic aspects of the investigation of illicit drug trafficking form a complex system of methods and techniques aimed at effectively detecting, documenting and stopping crimes. They ensure an increase in the evidentiary quality of criminal proceedings, contribute to the identification of all participants in criminal activity, and create appropriate conditions for bringing the perpetrators to justice [19].

Administrative and legal measures to combat illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors constitute an important element of the overall system for ensuring national security and public order. Their role is to create a regulatory, organizational and control framework that prevents the leakage of narcotic drugs from the legal market, minimizes the risks of their misuse, and ensures proper order in the sphere of circulation of controlled drugs [20].

The central element of administrative and legal regulation is the permit and licensing system, which determines the procedure for the production, storage, transportation, use and destruction of narcotic drugs and precursors. The legislation establishes strict requirements for business entities operating in this area, including the need for special equipment, the implementation of internal control measures, record-keeping and regular reporting to relevant state bodies. Such regulation is aimed at preventing the legalization of narcotic drugs through legal channels and timely detection of violations of the rules of circulation [21].

An important administrative-legal tool is state control and supervision, which is carried out both by general executive bodies (the ministry of health of Ukraine, the national police, the state drug control service), and by special units authorized to verify compliance with the rules for the circulation of narcotic substances. Control is subject not only to the activities of enterprises, but also to medical institutions, scientific institutions, pharmacy chains and other entities that have the right to use narcotic drugs for medical or research purposes. Administrative control provides the opportunity to detect violations at an early stage and apply timely response measures [22].

A key place in the system of administrative-legal countermeasures is occupied by administrative liability measures applied to persons who have violated the rules for the circulation of narcotic drugs and precursors. This concerns non-compliance with the procedure for storage, movement, reporting, accounting of drugs, illegal receipt or issuance of prescriptions, violation of licensing conditions. Such offenses do not always constitute a crime, but they create risks for the leakage of narcotic substances into the illegal sector. The timely application of administrative sanctions—fines, license revocation, temporary suspension of activities—is preventive in nature and contributes to strengthening law and order.

An equally important component of administrative and legal means is information and analytical activities. It includes monitoring the situation in the field of drug trafficking, analysis of statistical data, risk assessment, forecasting trends, as well as maintaining state registers. Separate registers contain information on entities that have a permit to work with narcotic drugs, on the volume of legal transactions, on prescription prescriptions, etc. The availability of such information ensures openness, transparency and controllability of the sphere [23].

A significant role in preventing illicit trafficking is played by preventive and socially oriented measures implemented in the form of information campaigns, the activities of consultation centers, harm reduction programs, as well as measures aimed at raising public awareness of the dangers of drugs. The administrative and legal framework establishes the procedure for implementing these measures and determines the circle of entities responsible for their implementation [24].

Special attention should be paid to interagency and international cooperation, which is necessary due to the transnational nature of drug trafficking. Cooperation with EU bodies, International criminal police organization (Interpol), European union agency for law enforcement cooperation (Europol), the use of information exchange mechanisms, participation in the implementation of international treaties create conditions for the timely detection of cross-border drug supply channels and counteraction to organized groups whose activities extend beyond the borders of one state [25].

Thus, the administrative and legal aspects of combating illicit drug trafficking constitute a comprehensive system of regulatory, control and preventive procedures that ensure the maintenance of legality in the sphere of drug trafficking. Their interaction with criminal law and forensic measures creates a holistic model of combating drug crime, in which administrative and legal instruments play a key role in preventing, detecting and minimizing the risks associated with illicit drug trafficking [26].

Combating illicit drug trafficking requires constant improvement of legal mechanisms, increasing the efficiency of operational and search and investigation work, as well as strengthening administrative control. Modern challenges associated with the digitalization of criminal activity require new forensic methods, improving legislation and strengthening international cooperation. A systemic approach that combines criminal law, administrative law and forensic instruments is a necessary condition for effective counteraction to drug crime [27] (Table 1).

Table 1: Investigation of offenses related to combating illicit drug trafficking: Criminal, forensic and administrative-legal aspects: Comparative analysis.

The administrative plane is the first barrier in the fight against drug addiction. It covers acts that formally contain signs of illegality, but due to low public danger do not entail criminal liability.

The basis of this aspect is Article 44 of the code of administrative offenses (“Illegal production, acquisition, storage, transportation, shipment of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances without the purpose of sale in small quantities”) [28].

The key criterion here is the concept of “small size”. This is a legally fixed value for each specific substance, approved by the relevant orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. If the weight of the seized substance does not exceed this threshold, administrative liability arises [29].

Features-subjects of detection: Most often, such offenses are detected by patrol police officers during document checks, surface checks, or responding to calls for violation of public order. Purpose: The main function of administrative influence is preventive. It is aimed at identifying consumers at an early stage, preventing them from being involved in serious crimes and registering them. Special norm: The legislation provides for an incentive norm (Part 2, Article 44 of the code of administrative offenses), which exempts a person from liability in the event of voluntary surrender of substances, which stimulates the refusal of illegal behavior.

This aspect concerns acts that pose a significant public danger. The Criminal Code of Ukraine (Chapter XIII) differentiates liability depending on the intent of the criminal and the scale of his activity.

Storage without the purpose of sale (Article 309 of the criminal code of Ukraine): The distinction from an administrative offense is made according to the quantitative criterion. If the weight of the substance reaches “large” or “especially large” sizes, criminal liability arises [30].

Sale of drugs (Article 307 of the criminal code of Ukraine): This is a grave or especially grave crime. Here, the size of the substance is of secondary importance—criminal liability arises even for the transfer of a microscopic portion of the drug. The main thing is to prove the intent to sell (distribute) [31].

Related crimes: These include the organization of drug laboratories (Article 313), incitement to use (Article 315), use of funds obtained from the drug trade (Article 306). The criminal-legal aspect requires the investigation to flawlessly prove each element of the crime: The object (public health), the objective side (action), the subject (the guilty person) and the subjective side (direct intent, especially in cases of sale).

Forensic science answers the question “how to detect, record and examine evidence”. This is an applied component of the investigation, which is divided into technique, tactics and methodology.

The central place is occupied by forensic examination of materials, substances and products. No drug case can go to court without a chemical examination report that determines: The type of substance (for example, methadone, cannabis, amphetamine). Its weight (in terms of dry matter). Belonging to the list of prohibited substances.

Dactyloscopy (search for fingerprints on the packaging of “bookmarks”) and traceology are also used. Investigative tactics and Non-public (secret/covert) Investigative (detective) Actions (NSRD): Since drug crimes are often latent (hidden), covert investigative (detective) actions play a key role. Controlled purchase: An operational officer or a legendary person buys drugs under audio/video control. This is the main method of documenting sales.

Extracting information from telecommunications networks: Interception of conversations, analysis of mobile phone billing to establish connections between group members [32].

Modern challenges (digital forensics): Today, the drug trade has moved to the internet. Therefore, modern forensics focuses on: Examination of smartphones and computers (recovery of deleted chats, photos with geolocation of “bookmarks”). Analysis of cryptocurrency transactions, since payments for wholesale lots are almost always made in Bitcoin or USDT [33].

Conclusion

The conducted research allows us to state that countering the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors is multidimensional in nature and requires a systematic combination of criminal law, forensic and administrative law instruments. The effectiveness of state policy in this area directly depends on the consistency of regulatory support, the professional level of law enforcement agencies and the availability of effective control and prevention mechanisms.

In the criminal law aspect, it was established that the legislation of Ukraine generally complies with international approaches enshrined in the single convention on narcotic drugs of 1961 and the recommendations of leading international organizations. However, law enforcement practice indicates the need to clarify certain norms regarding liability for the sale, manufacture and storage of drugs, as well as the introduction of modern legal instruments to respond to digital forms of drug trafficking. Criminal law norms require further specification, taking into account the emergence of new psychoactive substances and changes in the structure of crime.

Forensic analysis has shown that drug crimes are characterized by a high level of latency and the use of innovative technologies, which necessitates the need for special investigation methods. The most effective remain the documentation of digital evidence, controlled purchases, the involvement of chemists and digital forensic experts, as well as the comprehensive identification of the structure of criminal groups. Special attention needs to be paid to improving the tactics of collecting and evaluating evidence related to the use of anonymous Internet resources, cryptocurrencies and encryption tools, which are widely used in modern criminal schemes.

Administrative and legal mechanisms for counteraction play a preventive and regulatory role, ensuring control over the legal circulation of drugs and precursors, reducing risky practices in the field of their use, as well as the formation of an appropriate regulatory environment. The effectiveness of administrative influence is determined by the quality of the permit and licensing system, the completeness of state supervision, the efficiency of the application of administrative sanctions and the development of interagency cooperation. Information, analytical and preventive measures are of great importance, creating a basis for reducing the spread of drugs in society.

Summarizing the results of the study, it should be noted that solving the problem of illicit drug trafficking requires:

• Further harmonization of criminal legislation with international standards and its adaptation to the latest forms of criminal activity.
• Improvement of forensic methods of documentation and evidence, in particular regarding digital manifestations of drug crime.
• Strengthening administrative and legal control over the legal circulation of narcotic drugs and the development of effective preventive mechanisms.
• Expansion of interagency, international and informational interaction in order to counteract transnational forms of illicit drug trafficking.

Thus, countering illicit drug trafficking requires a comprehensive approach that combines legal, organizational, forensic and managerial tools. The implementation of such a model will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of the fight against drug crime, strengthening law and order, and ensuring stability and security in the state.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

Authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

References

1. Rusetskyi, N. Blazhivska, O. Kostenko, M. Korniienko, O. Krupytskyi. Legal regulation of power decentralization in Ukraine: Comparative analysis and criminal-administrative aspect. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan. 11(2023):196-212.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

2. Council of Europe. Drug policy guidelines. (2021).
3. V. Davydenko, M. Korniienko, A. Radchuk, A. Babiak, Y. Leheza. International cooperation in operational and search activities: A comparative analysis of foreign experience. Cadernos De Dereito Actual.  28(2025):83-102.

   [Google Scholar]

4. V. Beschastnyi, S. Shkliar, A. Fomenko, N. Obushenko, L. Nalyvaiko. Place of court precedent in the system of law of the European Union and in the system of law of Ukraine. J Legal Ethical Regul Isses. 22(2019):1.

   [Google Scholar]

5. Criminal code of Ukraine: Law of Ukraine dated 05.04.2001 No. 2341-III. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2021).
6. V.S. Batyrgareeva. Combating drug crime: Modern trends. Kyiv: Nauk. Dumka. (2021):312.
7. V.V. Golina. Criminal and legal policy of Ukraine. Policy of Ukraine: Monograph. Kharkiv: Pravo. (2020):384.
8. D. Golovin, Y. Nazymko, O. Koropatov, M. Korniienko. Electronic evidence in proving crimes of drugs and psychotropic substances turnover. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe. (2022).

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

9. A. Semenova, M. Korniienko. Innovation of markers for assessment of the quality of educational and scientific research activities of students in higher education institutions with special learning conditions. Quality parameters of higher education officers of the national police in the conditions of imperative human-scale values. (2023):193-213.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

10. M. Korniienko, A. Desyatnik, G. Didkivska, Y. Leheza, O. Titarenko. Peculiarities of investigating criminal offenses related to illegal turnover of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors: Criminal law aspect. Khazanah Hukum. 5(2023):205-15.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

11. O. Kovalova, M. Korniienko, O. Postol. Ensuring of child’s dignity as a principle of modern education: Administrative and legal aspects. Asia Life Sci. 21(2019):341-352.

    [Google Scholar]

12. O. Krupytskyi, P. Dikhtiievskyi, D. Krylov, M. Balamush, Y. Leheza. Standards and safeguards stemming from the right to respect for private life and the right to a fair trial: Applicability with respect to administrative-law matters of civil service. Rev Eletronica Direito Sociedade. 12(2024):1.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

13. V. Krykun, A. Semenova, M. Korniienko. Psychological and pedagogical content of the implementation of international standards of ethical behavior in the training of police officers in Ukraine. Quality parameters of higher education officers of the National Police in the conditions of imperative human-scale values. (2023):131-148.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

14. Y. Leheza, M. Yankovyi, N. Medvedenko, T. Vaida, M. Koval. Application of artificial intelligence in motivating court decisions: Legal basis and foreign experience. Al-Risalah. 24(2024):58-69.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

15. Y. Leheza, B. Shcherbyna, Y. Leheza, O. Pushkina, O. Marchenko. Features of applying the right to suspension or complete/partial refusal to fulfill a duty in case of non-fulfilment of the counter duty by the other party according to the civil legislation of Ukraine. RJP. (2023):340-359.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

16. Y. Leheza, K. Pisotska, O. Dubenko, O. Dakhno, A. Sotskyi. The essence of the principles of Ukrainian law in modern jurisprudence. RJP. (2023):342-363.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

17. Y. Leheza, O. Kulinich, T. Zhuravlova, Y. Khainatskyi, S. Sainchyn. Combating corruption offenses: Foreign experience, theoretical, practical, legal regulations, and improvement. Jurnal Hukum Islam. 23(2025):304-34.

    [Google Scholar]

18. Y. Leheza. Administrative legal guarantees and standards arising from the right to respect for private life and the right to a fair trial in the field of civil service. REDP. 26(2025).

    [Google Scholar]

19. Y. Leheza, O. Dubenko, L. Pavlyk, O. Prasov, V. Pavlov. Foreign experience of responsibility for driving vehicles in condition of alcohol intoxication: International standards, administrative and criminal aspects. RJP. (2024):161-74.

    [Google Scholar]

20. M.V. Korniienko, I.V. Petrunenko, I.V. Yena, K.O. Pankratova, K.A. Vozniakovska. Negative effects of corruption offenses for the country’s economy. Int J Manag. 11(2020).

    [Google Scholar]

21. Misuse of drugs act (Singapore). (1973).
22. Legal regulation of power decentralization in Ukraine: Comparative analysis and criminal-administrative aspect
23. M. Semenyshyn, M. Korniienko, A. Kostiuk. Combating violent crimes against children: Challenges for Ukraine, international experience, innovative methods of practical learning.

    [Google Scholar]

24. O. Shkuta, M. Korniienko, S. Darii, L. Bezuglyi, D. Kravtsov. Operational and Investigative Activities as a Direction of Combating Drug Offenses. J Drug Alcohol Res. 14(2025).
25. O. Shkuta, Y. Leheza, I. Telelym, A. Anosienkov, O. Yaroshak. National security in the conditions of the Russia-Ukraine war: Legal regulation and islamic law perspectives. Al-Ahkam. 34(2024):99-120.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

26. O. Shkuta, D. Karbovskyi, O. Pushkina, M. Potip, O. Varhuliak. Object and subject of state control in the sphere of legal turnover of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors in Ukraine: Administrative, criminal and civil-legal aspect. J Drug Alchol Res. 12(2023):236-55.

    [Google Scholar]

27. Single convention on narcotic drugs. (1961).
28. S.M. Smokov, V.V Horoshko, M.V. Korniienko, S.V. Medvedenko. Rule of law as a principle of criminal procedure (on materials of the European court of human rights). Pak J Criminol. 14(2022):37-46.

    [Google Scholar]

29. O. Sviderskyi, O. Havrylenko, K. Kovalenko, T.V. Shlapko. Administrative and legal mechanism of land relations protection in Ukraine and Russia: Comparative legal analysis. Asia Life Sci. Supplement 21(2019):45-57.

    [Google Scholar]

30. United Nations office on drugs and crime. World drug report. (2023).
31. Y. Volkova, B. Bon, A. Borysenko, Y. Leheza, Y. Leheza. Crypto market experience: Navigating regulatory challenges in modern conditions. Al-Risalah. 24(2024):178-194.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

32. O. Volobuieva, L. Yevhen, P. Vita, P. Yevhenii, P. Roman. Criminal and administrative legal characteristics of offenses in the field of countering drug trafficking: Insights from Ukraine. Yustisia Jurnal Hukum. 12(2023):262-77.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

33. T. Voloshanivska, I. Pozihun, S. Losych, O. Merdova, Y. Leheza. Administrative and criminal law aspects of preventing offenses committed by minors in the sphere of illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, Psychotropic substances and precursors. J Drug Alcohol Res. 12(2023):1-9.

    [Google Scholar]

Copyright: © 2025 Volodymyr Prylovskyi, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.