Neuroinflammatory Pathways in Parkinson's Disease: Understanding Triggers and Treatment Approaches
Author(s): Anastasia V. Poznyak, Aleksey Aleksandrovich Vatlin, Elizaveta Romanovna Korchagina, Olga Nikolaevna Maltseva, Aleksandra Sergeevna Utkina and Alexander N. Orekhov
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a complex interplay of motor and non-motor symptoms, primarily resulting from the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the accumulation of pathological α-synuclein aggregates. Recent research underscores the significant role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of PD, where chronic inflammatory processes contribute to neuronal degeneration. This review comprehensively examines the mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation in PD, highlighting the involvement of microglia, astrocytes, and peripheral immune responses. Various triggers, including α-synuclein aggregation, genetic predispositions, mitochondrial dysfunction, and gut microbiome dysbiosis, are discussed as potential instigators of neuroinflammatory cascades. Therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating neuroinflammation, such as immunotherapy targeting α-synuclein, nonsteroidal anti inflammatory medications, and lifestyle interventions, are also explored. Understanding the intricate relationship between neuroinflammation and PD is crucial for the development of effective therapeutic approaches to alleviate disease progression and improve patient outcomes. This review emphasizes the necessity for a multi-faceted approach to unravel the complexities of PD and leverage neuroinflammatory pathways for therapeutic intervention.