Last Information on Gait Apraxia, Diagnostic Procedures and Systematic Review
Author(s): Lourdes de Fatima Ibanez Valdes, Humberto Foyaca Sibat*
Abstract
Introduction: Apraxia (motor agnosia) is a neurological condition characterized by the desire and ability to move which is impeded by the inability to performed it due to corpus callosum damage (callosotomy/ anterior cerebral artery stroke/mass), left inferior parietal lobule, the premotor cortex, supplementary motor area and convexity lesions affecting sequencing of purposeful, the planning and to perform skilled movements, including dressing, speaking or using tools, no related to motor disorder. Objectives: The main aim of this study is to discuss the last information released into the medical literature regarding to Gait Apraxia (GA) and the novel diagnostic procedure reported in the available medical literature.
Methods: A wide searching of the medical literature of the following database PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Embase databases was performed to find articles related to novel information on GA and diagnostic procedures. From 01st January 1989 to 30th November 2025, we searched the medical literature, following the PRISMA guidelines. The authors searched the scientific databases, Scopus, Embassy, Medline, and PubMed Central using the following searches: “gait apraxia” OR “walking skills” OR “apraxia of postural transitions” OR “diagnostic tools” OR “limb apraxia”, OR “pathophysiology of apraxia” OR “treatment/management of apraxia” OR “corticobasal syndrome” OR “normal pressure hydrocephalus”.
Results: Searching literature retrieved 359 articles. 123 duplicated studies and after reviewing the titles and abstracts were removed, 89 publications were selected. After applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria 34 articles were excluded; therefore, 12 studies investigated the role of diagnostic procedures in the assessment of GA were selected.
Conclusions: The GA in patients presenting iNPH is characterized by decreased flexion at the hip joint, a decreased toe?off angle, heel strike angle, associated shorter strides, diminished speed, and prolonged time for swing and single support.