Implementation of Alcohol Monitoring Policy in Kupang City, Indonesia

Received: 01-May-2025, Manuscript No. JDAR-25-165079; Editor assigned: 05-May-2025, Pre QC No. JDAR-25-165079 (Q); Reviewed: 19-May-2025, QC No. JDAR-25-165079; Revised: 26-May-2025, Manuscript No. JDAR-25-165079 (R); Published: 02-Jun-2025, DOI: 10.4303/JDAR/236431

Introduction

Alcohol policy implementation is a strategic step in responding to the problem of alcohol, which is a crucial issue today, and it is important to realize the success or failure of policy implementation. According to Wahab, policy implementation is the action taken by individuals, officials, or government or private groups to achieve the objectives set in the policy decision [1]. Therefore, the policy set must be able to solve the problems faced by the government. In terms of the problems faced by the government, including Indonesia with alcohol problems that occur many cases caused by the consumption of alcohol, so from a social perspective, this habit of drinking alcohol causes many problems. Such as fighting, inconveniencing people living nearby, and causing traffic accidents. In some areas, many thugs have emerged because of young people who are addicted to alcohol. This is the case in many parts of Indonesia where drinking alcohol is a long tradition that has never been separated from people’s lives. In the city of Kupang, it has become a habit for people to consume alcohol obtained from official and unofficial outlets. The sale and excessive consumption of alcohol has a negative impact. The government needs to control the sale and free circulation of alcohol in the community, in order to reduce the risk of abuse and its negative impact. Therefore, Kupang city regulation no. 12/2016 on the control and supervision of alcoholic beverages is the basis for its implementation.

Alcoholic beverages are the beverages containing Ethyl Alcohol or Ethanol (C₂H₅OH), processed from agricultural products containing carbohydrates by fermentation with distillation or fermentation without distillation [2-14]. Alcohol can be obtained from the results of division or fermentation by microorganisms (yeast cells) from sugar, fruit juice, grains, honey, tubers and certain katuk sap. The fermentation process produces beverages with an alcohol content of up to 14%, while the distillation process increases the alcohol content to as much as 100%. These measures are intended to protect the public from the dangers of alcohol consumption and to create a healthy environment free from alcohol-related problems. From an economic point of view, alcohol is a product that is always in demand and consumed. However, increased alcohol consumption also has the potential to cause negative effects that are detrimental to society as a whole. The role of government is to protect the health and welfare of the public by minimizing the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

In Kupang, the government has taken significant measures to address the issue of the unrestricted sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages by entrusting the Department of Industry and Trade with the implementation of the policy. The implementation of policies governing the management and supervision of alcoholic beverages in Kupang is suboptimal and requires enhancement to ensure the protection of the public from the deleterious effects of these substances. The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been demonstrated to result in a state of inebriation, which can, in turn, give rise to an augmentation in criminal cases and exert a deleterious effect on adolescents. It is evident that supervision constitutes a pivotal organizational activity, ensuring the seamless execution of initial plans. Furthermore, the supervision process serves as a form of correction for the deficiencies observed in an activity. According to Sujamto, the concept of supervision encompasses all endeavors or undertakings aimed at ascertaining and evaluating the prevailing circumstances concerning the execution of designated tasks or activities. This evaluation involves a discernment of whether these activities align with established standards or not.

The Kupang city industry and trade office is responsible for supervising licensed and unlicensed places selling alcoholic beverages to ensure that sales are conducted according to established procedures and regulations. In doing so, the industry and trade office can cooperate with the police, as required by Kupang’s local regulations. Good governance is possible when cooperation is built that involves all parties, including the community, stakeholders, and law enforcement officials, to understand, internalize, and implement policies in accordance with their respective authorities as stipulated in various laws in Indonesia. In Kupang city, the local government took a serious step to address the issue of free sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages by mandating the Kupang city industry and trade office. This move is supported by the Kupang city regional regulation no. 12/2016 on the control and supervision of alcoholic beverages.

Materials and Methods

The present study was designed using qualitative methods with a case study research framework. This research employs a case study approach, as described [1-6], which is defined as a method of investigating and comprehending an event or problem that has occurred by collecting diverse types of information. This information is then processed to identify a solution, thereby resolving the problem that has been identified. The focal point of this inquiry is the implementation of Kupang city regional regulation number 12 of 2016 concerning control and supervision of alcoholic beverages. The research was conducted in Kupang city, with the research site encompassing the Kupang city industry and trade office and several informants at alcohol beverage sales points, as well as the community [1-16]. The following data analysis techniques were employed. These techniques include data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing.

Results

Profile of Kupang city

Kupang city is located between 10°36’4”-10°39’58 ‘N and 123°32’23’-123°37’01”E with the following boundaries: North is bordered by Kupang Bay; South is bordered by Taebenu and Amarasi sub-districts of Kupang Regency; East is bordered by Central Kupang sub-district of Kupang Regency; and West is bordered by West Kupang sub-district of Kupang Regency and Semau Strait. According to BPS Kota Kupang in figures 2024, the population of Kota Kupang is currently about 466.63 people, consisting of 50.2% males and 49.8% females. The population growth rate is 1.83%. When analyzed from the projected population of Kupang in 2025 according to male and female sex, the total population is around 482,734, with 287,125 males, and 287,130 females. 130 of this number, 94.31% are employed and 5.69% are unemployed. If we look at the workers according to their main sector of activity, we can see that 5.63% work in the primary sector, 15.47% in the secondary sector and 78.91% in the tertiary sector.

From the point of view of resources of the Kupang city apparatus after the analysis of macro document data shows that the state of the Kupang city state civil apparatus is approximately 5,515 people classified by gender, namely men a total of 2,235 and women a total of 3,280. From the level of education, the state civil apparatus who completed elementary school (SD) as many as 35 people, junior high school (SMP) 43 people, senior high school (SMA) 1,535 people, diploma 2 as many as 461 people, diploma 3 as many as 662 people, stratum 1 as many as 2,590 people, stratum 2 as many as 189 people and stratum 3, no one. Analysis of this secondary data shows that the educational level of Kupang city government officials varies from the lowest to the highest level of education. However, the highest level of education attained by the civil servants is Diploma 4 and Bachelor’s Degree with about 47%, and the lowest level of education is elementary school with only 0.63%. The personnel development policy of the Kupang city government prioritizes formal education at the first and second levels. This is evidenced by the increase in the number of bachelor’s degree graduates each year, which includes staff in undergraduate education.

In addition, the research conducted in Kupang city focused on the implementation of the policy of control and supervision of alcoholic beverages, where one of the functions of the Department of Industry and Trade is to supervise the circulation of alcohol consumed by the public. Therefore, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, as part of its responsibilities, supervises the sale of alcoholic beverages. Alcoholic beverages fall under the category of dangerous beverages that are sold in a limited and closely monitored manner, especially among the people of Kupang city. The increase in the circulation of alcoholic beverages in Kupang city has a direct impact on the peace, order and security of the community in the area. The increase in the circulation of alcoholic beverages in Kupang city has had a negative impact on the peace, order and security of the local community. One of the negative effects of alcohol consumption is road accidents as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Kupang city traffic accident rates in 2022 and 2023

Based on the above data, the number of traffic accidents in Kupang city has increased from 496 in 2022 to 501 in 2023. Source of information from Kupang resort police traffic chief. These traffic accidents are mostly caused by the driver’s negligence when driving at high speed due to alcohol consumption. Intoxicated drivers are not focused while driving, which can lead to unintended consequences such as accidents resulting in death, minor injuries and serious injuries. Not only in traffic accidents, but also in crimes that occur because someone is drunk, making the community restless and disturbed. Frequent alcohol consumption leads to deviant behavior such as fights, brawls, crime, theft, robbery, and risky sexual behavior influenced by alcohol consumption. Table 2 crimes caused by alcohol consumption in Kupang city.

Table 2: Public safety and public order disruptions due to alcohol consumption in 2024

Therefore, the Kupang city government took action by issuing Kupang city regulation no. 12/2016 on the control and supervision of alcoholic beverages. Article 15, paragraph 3 of the regulation stipulates that the industry and trade office is responsible for the supervision and control of the distribution of alcoholic beverages in Kupang. The distribution of alcoholic beverages takes place in several locations that are considered to have business licenses in the city of Kupang. An analysis of secondary data on the locations of alcohol sales in Kupang city in 2025 is presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Location of alcohol sales in Kupang city, 2025

The data in the table shows that there are 11 locations that sell alcohol openly and branded to the public. These locations were found to have business licenses. The results above show that the supervision conducted by the office of industry and trade of Kupang city’s trade supervision section in 2024 was 14 different locations, both routine and quarterly, but if it is combined, it is usually in other locations in Kupang city together with the tourism sector and also the provincial office of industry and trade. In addition, to find out the type, content and price of alcoholic beverages can be seen in Table 4.

Table 4: Type, content, quantity, and price of alcoholic beverages consumed at parties in Kupang city in 2024

Sopi is a type of alcohol often consumed at parties in East Nusa Tenggara. Sopi comes from the Dutch word “Zoopje” which means liquid alcohol. In Flores, more precisely in Aimere District, Ngada Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, there is a producer of the best Sopi in Indonesia. In fact, it is even labeled with the initials “BM”, which stands for Bakar Menyala. In addition, this eastern Indonesian alcoholic beverage has two names. Some people know it as Sopi, others as Moke. Actually, they are both the same drink, which has a high alcohol content and is made from the palm tree. The difference is that moke is distilled in a clay pot and the steam from the distillate is passed through bamboo sticks. Meanwhile, Sopi is distilled using a barrel connected by a pipe. The results show that the second largest consumption of alcoholic beverages during parties in Kupang city is sopi, reaching an average of 20 liters. The high consumption of sopi is because it is easy to obtain and the price is not too expensive.

Analysis of document data for an alcoholic beverage branded as Sophia, which is a traditional Sophia liquor from East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) with an alcohol content of 40%. Sophia is only sold at Toko NAM, Kupang City, with a price of IDR 750,000 per bottle of Sophia, with a size of only 750 milliliters. Buyers of Sophia come from within Kupang and outside East Nusa Tenggara, namely from Java. The policy of producing Sophia is a good start to revive the economy of the people who have been producing local liquor known as Sopi. In addition to Shopia, several branded alcoholic beverages can be sold by official business entities in the form of shops that have business licenses. Data related to branded beverages with prices can be seen in Table 5.

Table 5: Branded beverages with price

In addition, the three main types of alcohol are isopropyl, methyl, and ethyl. There are many types of liquor and spirits and they are differentiated based on the raw materials used to produce them, as well as the fermentation or distillation process. All alcoholic beverages can be divided into two broad categories based on their manufacturing process through undistilled ethanol and distilled ethanol [17-19].

Efforts to improve supervision by the Kupang city industry and trade office and related elements on the circulation and consumption of alcohol are presented in the following Table 6.

Table 6: Forms of supervision of licensed alcoholic beverages in the city of Kupang in 2024

The research team observed that the oversight function and synergy among related agencies is still not optimal. Related agencies often work independently without sharing information, resulting in less effective enforcement actions. Field observations also show that there is no clear coordination mechanism between agencies. The lack of oversight, coordination and synergy among the existing actors is one of the main obstacles in curbing alcohol distribution. The lack of a structured communication system leads each agency to work independently without knowing what other parties are doing.

Discussion

The rapid economic growth is accompanied by the attitude of the community to adjust its income to meet the needs of life. Empirical facts prove that some people do not fully understand and implement the prevailing policies. As a result, there has been an increase in the number of companies involved in the production, distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages. The discussion of the results of this study is more focused on policy implementation in the theory of Eduard III in Djani including variables (a) Communication, (b) Resources, (c) Disposition and (d) Bureaucratic structure as follows:

Policy communication

The successful implementation of policy is contingent upon the establishment of effective communication channels, particularly the dissemination of policy information to the public in a comprehensible manner. It is imperative that policy communication be continuous through a variety of media and other mechanisms. The clarity of information regarding policy implementation is paramount for the successful execution of Regional Regulation No. 12/2016, which pertains to the prohibition, supervision, and control of alcoholic beverages.

The results show that due to the difficulty of effective supervision and control, due to communication factors and socio-cultural aspects that are still strong, various disturbances to order, peace, harmony and security in various aspects of community life can arise. Indonesia, which is rich in culture and local wisdom, can be integrated in expressing many things through communication, one of which is communication that is built to discuss during parties while consuming alcoholic beverages. A party is an activity carried out for an event that should be commemorated and celebrated, which is formal or non-formal in nature [2]. However, the current era of globalization has caused a shift in cultural values and local wisdom [15]. It requires an awareness of reconstructing local wisdom values [20] and a learning environment that utilizes and integrates cultural values [7]. Therefore, learning with an ethnoscientific approach is recommended [21].

The changes in community communication patterns that are being experienced today are very visible in the various activities that take place in community gathering places when socializing, such as attending parties that are held during the day or at night. The party venue becomes a place to express happiness through dances such as dangsa and alcohol consumption along with discussions about current or past events. Party guests feel happy by sharing knowledge and experiences through communication discussions with other guests, when the core of the event is over, they sit back and relax while consuming alcohol provided by the host [2].

Resources

The resource aspect of policy implementation is a pivotal factor in the success of a program. The implementation of policy is contingent upon the presence or absence of resource variables, which include the human element, budget, and supporting facilities. The success or failure of policy implementation is largely determined by these variables. The supervision of the circulation and sale of alcoholic beverages in Kupang city is of paramount importance. It has been determined through careful observation that the supervisory team of the Kupang city industry and trade office is confronted with certain impediments, one of which pertains to human resources. Specifically, the team is experiencing a shortage of personnel to adequately fulfill its supervisory functions. This deficit in supervisory oversight, specifically the supervision team responsible for the distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages, particularly in the trade sector, continues to request assistance from the industrial sector. Therefore, the supervision team is comprised of a total of eleven individuals, including the industrial sector, regardless of external assistance [22].

The number of outlets and sales or distributors in Kupang is not comparable to the supervision team. Many alcoholic beverage vendors in small kiosks are not monitored by the Kupang city industry and trade office supervision team. The infrastructure aspect is very important in the implementation of regulations, one of the successes in the implementation of work programs is the existence of adequate facilities and infrastructure so that activities or programs can be carried out properly and optimally. The results showed the lack of operational vehicles, and there are still business actors who still do not comply with applicable regulations related to the circulation and sale of alcoholic beverages [23].

The analysis of the effect of alcohol on public health in Kupang city, when compared with Adu’s research, raises a variety of serious health-related human resource issues as a result of consuming alcohol beyond the legal limit. In addition to the direct effect of getting drunk from consuming too much alcohol, nausea and vomiting, for example, binge drinking and chronic drinking habits can affect the occurrence of diseases that according to Adu. The following are the effects of alcohol consumption according to the study [24].

• Brain damage: Chronic binge drinking, defined as consuming excessive amounts of alcohol more than four times per month over an extended period, can lead to permanent brain damage. It is associated with severe psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia, while also fostering alcohol dependency or alcoholism.
• Heart disease: Alcohol consumption has a direct impact on blood pressure. Drinking three or more glasses of alcoholic beverages in a single session can temporarily increase blood pressure. However, habitual binge drinking elevates the long-term risk of developing hypertension.
• Hypertension: High blood pressure significantly increases the likelihood of heart attacks, strokes, and congestive heart failure. Excessive blood alcohol levels can weaken the heart muscles, impairing the function of the lungs, liver, brain, and other internal organs. Binge drinking is linked to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia) and has been associated with sudden death. Additionally, hypertension elevates the risk of chronic kidney disease.
• Cancer: Binge drinking increases the risk of developing various types of cancer, including oral and throat cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, and breast cancer.
• Lung damage: Alcohol consumption obstructs respiratory pathways, and some residual substances may be inhaled into the lungs, potentially leading to respiratory complications.
• Liver disorders: Excessive alcohol intake generates toxins in the body, leading to fat accumulation in the liver, inflammation, and alcoholic hepatitis. These conditions can progress to liver failure and even death.
• Gastrointestinal issues: Chronic alcohol consumption can result in digestive system complications, such as the development of cysts in the stomach and intestines, as well as internal bleeding.

A lack of proper oversight and policies at the national and local levels could result in this empirical phenomenon, which could lead to human and social problems and have a negative impact on society. Based on research conducted in Kupang city, the sociocultural aspect is one obstacle to controlling the circulation of alcoholic beverages [25]. Generally, alcoholic beverages are more controlled when sold through stores and minimarkets than when distributed to retailers, especially those selling traditional beverages such as sopi and arak.

The results of the research conducted by the research team show the basis of shops and minimarkets that sell alcoholic beverages to be on business licenses in accordance with regional regulation no. 12 of 2016. This regulation indirectly has a positive impact on efforts to control the circulation of alcoholic beverages because it is supported by the transaction system at the store or minimarket cash register, which operates according to specified times. According to the results of this study, the purchase of alcoholic beverages refers to the existing provisions and is displayed at the place of sale, so purchases made after 8 pm are not served [26].

This is in contrast to the sale of traditional alcoholic beverages such as sopi and arak, which are also prevalent in Kupang city, as they are not licensed. Sometimes, even after closing the door, sellers will still serve buyers after 8 pm. The research results support the above statement, as people who consume alcoholic beverages stated: “If you want to buy alcoholic drinks, such as sopi and arak, many places are open until late at night. Some continue to serve after 10 pm. You don’t have to be an adult to buy them, either; some sellers still serve underage drinkers.

Recognizing the challenges faced, the government has issued regulations on the distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages to protect the Indonesian people. Protection of the circulation of consumer goods is part of the responsibility of agencies or offices that handle the industry and trade sector. One of the functions of these agencies is to oversee the circulation of goods consumed by the public. Therefore, the Department of Industry and Trade oversees the sale of alcoholic beverages as part of their responsibility. Alcoholic beverages fall under the category of hazardous beverages that are sold on a limited and closely monitored basis, especially among the people of Kupang city. The increased circulation of alcoholic beverages in Kupang city has a direct impact on the peace, order and security of the community in the area. Research shows that alcohol has a range of short and long-term harmful health effects. Alcohol consumption can have serious consequences, especially if consumed in large quantities or with high frequency. Due to its psychoactive effects, regular use of alcohol can quickly become addictive.

Disposition

The success of the implementation of the alcohol control policy in Kupang city depends on the commitment of the policy implementers. The socio-cultural environment can maximize the implementation of Kupang city regional regulation no. 12/2016, which addresses and controls the circulation of alcoholic beverages. This process can start with community leaders. They are the spearhead in ensuring the success of this local regulation because they are closest to the community. The role of traditional and religious leaders will then be combined with coordination and support from the police. Patrols are one of the things that the police need to carry out routinely with the assistance of existing siskamling. Police efforts have been carried out as a commitment through communication dissemination in the form of socialization, an important aspect of policy implementation [9].

The success of this regional regulation depends on the commitment of those who will implement it to achieve the goals formulated from the beginning. A local regulation is formulated with goals to be addressed through its implementation. In relation to Kupang city regulation no. 12/2016, one of the objectives is to stop the sale of alcohol in Kupang city. The Kupang local government is responsible for managing government affairs in the health sector and maintaining the health and welfare of the community by minimizing alcohol consumption. The local government in Kupang has taken serious steps to address the issue of the free sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages by mandating The Department of Industry and Trade. This move is supported by Kupang city regional regulation no. 12/2016 on the control and supervision of alcoholic beverages.

Bureaucratic structure

The implementation of policies on the control and supervision of alcoholic beverages in Kupang city involves a number of agencies, and these agencies work together to ensure that the policies are being followed and that the public is safe. The more agencies involved, the more complicated the coordination process becomes. Conversely, the fewer agencies involved, the easier the coordination process becomes. Research data shows that coordination between agencies is often hindered by lengthy administrative procedures and a limited number of personnel, which reduces the effectiveness of enforcement operations. Field research shows that many agencies work independently without sharing information, resulting in suboptimal coordination.

Lack of communication mechanisms that allow for a more coordinated exchange of data and strategies causes each agency to focus on its own tasks. The implementation of policies on the control and supervision of alcoholic beverages in Kupang city should be improved to protect the public from the adverse effects of alcohol consumption. The negative impact of consuming alcohol can lead to drunkenness, which can potentially increase criminal activity and negatively affect teenagers. Therefore, policy implementation is a critical organizational activity to ensure that plans are carried out properly. According to Edwards George, the policy implementation model is essential for successful policy implementation. Additionally, supervision is necessary to correct the shortcomings of an activity. According to Sujamto, as quoted by Nafie, supervision is the effort to assess whether the implementation of tasks or activities aligns with expectations.

Consuming alcoholic beverages at social gatherings holds significance as it facilitates meaningful discussions among attendees, resulting in the exchange of knowledge and information. These discussions, typically held in a circle where drinks and food are passed around, often lead to constructive dialogue that can indirectly impact government policies. Language, both local and Indonesian, is used during these gatherings, tailored to the party atmosphere. As guests share their opinions and ideas, the consumption of alcohol plays a role in influencing and shaping the conversation. These gatherings usually have the host’s approval and are carried out collectively based on the nature of the party, with one individual designated to pour drinks for everyone in rotation. The social ritual of consuming alcohol during such events contributes to the sharing of insights and perspectives among participants. The habit of consuming alcoholic beverages at parties usually has the consent of the party owner and is carried out jointly or collectively based on the consideration and mutual agreement of the drinkers [2].

Conclusion

The implementation of Kupang city regional regulation no. 12/2016 to address the circulation of alcoholic beverages in Kupang city has not been entirely successful. This local regulation is only maximally implemented in the sale of alcoholic beverages in shops and minimarkets. The socio-cultural environment strongly influences the successful implementation of the local regulation on alcoholic beverages in Kupang city. The large size of the area and population make controlling the implementation of Kupang’s local regulations difficult.

Therefore, this study recommends starting with the family environment to overcome the circulation of alcoholic beverages. Parental and family supervision of children and siblings, as well as the surrounding environment, can help ensure the success of this local regulation. Collaboration with the police is necessary as government partners in overcoming the circulation of alcoholic beverages, and prevention through routine patrols must be prioritized.

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Copyright: © 2025 William Djani, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.